A Triglot of Journeys · Eighteen Stations

“Do not be conformed to the evil desires you had when you lived in ignorance … the empty way of life handed down to you from your forefathers.”

I Kefa (1 Peter) 1:14, 18

The Sea · The City · The Way

Homer’s Odyssey — Joyce’s Ulysses — Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, set in parallel columns

Three men are summoned out of an inherited futility: the king from the wine-dark sea, the Dubliner from one wandering day, the pilgrim from the City of Destruction. Joyce’s eighteen episodes give the spine; Homer supplies the archetype; Bunyan supplies the redemption — the journey not merely home, but out of the empty way handed down.

HOMERThe Odyssey, c. 8th cent. B.C.
JOYCEUlysses, Dublin, 16 June 1904
BUNYANThe Pilgrim’s Progress, 1678
ITELEMACHUS
HOMER

Telemachus Among the Suitors

Odyssey I–II

Ithaca without its king: the suitors devour Odysseus’ house and court his wife, while the son sits powerless in his father’s hall. Athena, disguised, stirs Telemachus to rise and seek his father — the inheritance is being eaten alive, and only a journey can save it.

JOYCE

The Martello Tower

8 a.m., Sandycove

Stephen Dedalus, grieving his mother, finds himself usurped in his own tower by the mocking Mulligan and the Englishman Haines. He surrenders the key and walks out dispossessed — a son without a father, a Telemachus whose patrimony has been occupied.

BUNYAN

The City of Destruction

The burden and the Book

A man clothed in rags stands in his own doorway with a great burden on his back, reading a Book that tells him his city must burn. His family thinks him mad; his neighbors mock. The inherited city — the whole empty way handed down — is condemned, and he cries out asking what he must do.

IINESTOR
HOMER

The Sage of Pylos

Odyssey III

Telemachus sails to sandy Pylos to ask old Nestor for word of his father. The venerable charioteer offers hospitality, sacrifice, and long memory — wisdom of the fathers that points the young man further down the road rather than ending his search.

JOYCE

Mr. Deasy’s School

10 a.m., Dalkey

Stephen teaches history to bored schoolboys, then endures the headmaster Deasy’s self-satisfied maxims and prejudices — the counterfeit Nestor, elder wisdom curdled into bigotry. Stephen answers that history is a nightmare from which he is trying to awake.

BUNYAN

Evangelist, and Help at the Slough

The first counsel

True eldership appears: Evangelist points the fleeing man across the plain to a Wicket Gate and a shining light. Almost at once Christian sinks in the Slough of Despond — the scum of conviction without comfort — until one named Help draws him out and sets him on solid ground.

IIIPROTEUS
HOMER

The Old Man of the Sea

Odyssey IV

In Menelaus’ tale, the seer Proteus must be seized and held while he shifts from lion to serpent to water to tree; only the man who grips him through every change extracts the truth and the way home. Truth is won by holding fast through metamorphosis.

JOYCE

Sandymount Strand

11 a.m., the strand

Stephen walks the tideline alone, and the chapter becomes pure shape-shifting thought — philosophy, memory, language itself sliding form to form like the sea-god. He wrestles the ineluctable modality of the visible and cannot yet pin it down.

BUNYAN

Mr. Worldly Wiseman

The detour to Morality

Counsel that changes shape: the gentleman from Carnal Policy redirects Christian to the village of Morality and the house of Legality — relief without redemption. Mount Sinai looms and flashes fire over the path until Evangelist returns, exposes the shifting advice, and fixes Christian again on the one Gate.

IVCALYPSO
HOMER

The Isle of Ogygia

Odyssey V

The epic’s hero is finally revealed — captive seven years to the nymph Calypso, offered immortality itself, yet sitting on the shore weeping for Ithaca. Hermes brings the decree of release: the comfortable captivity must end; the man must go home.

JOYCE

7 Eccles Street

8 a.m., Bloom’s kitchen

Enter Leopold Bloom, frying a kidney and carrying breakfast up to Molly — a kindly man held in a domestic Ogygia, already shadowed by the letter from Boylan. He steps out into the day, keyless, an exile from his own bed.

BUNYAN

The Wicket Gate

Goodwill receives him

The counter-image of captivity: release. Christian knocks; Goodwill opens and pulls him through quickly, for Beelzebub’s castle stands within bowshot and arrows fly at all who enter. The detaining powers lose their man — he is through the Gate and on the Way.

VLOTUS EATERS
HOMER

The Lotus Eaters

Odyssey IX

A gentle people offer the honeyed lotus, and whoever eats it forgets the homeward way entirely, wishing only to graze on flowers forever. Odysseus must drag his weeping men back to the ships by force — sweetness that erases destination.

JOYCE

The Languid Hour

10 a.m., toward the baths

Bloom drifts through a morning of narcotics polite and otherwise — flower language, communion observed as a soothing drug, chemist’s lotions, the promise of a warm bath. Everything whispers: forget, float, postpone.

BUNYAN

The Interpreter’s House

Emblems against forgetting

The antidote to lotus: the Interpreter shows Christian living emblems that stamp the memory — the dusty parlor swept by law and laid by grace, the fire burning higher though water is thrown on it, Passion and Patience, the man in the iron cage. Where lotus makes men forget the way, these pictures make it unforgettable.

VIHADES
HOMER

The Descent to the Dead

Odyssey XI

Odysseus sails to the world’s rim and calls up the shades: Tiresias prophesies the way home, his own mother slips three times through his arms, Achilles declares he would rather serve as a slave among the living than reign over all the dead. The journey passes through the grave.

JOYCE

Glasnevin Cemetery

11 a.m., Dignam’s funeral

Bloom rides in the funeral carriage to bury Paddy Dignam, thinking of his father’s suicide and his infant son Rudy in the clay. He looks death full in the face among the mourners and the gravediggers — and walks back out into warm life.

BUNYAN

The Cross and the Sepulchre

The burden falls

Here the grave is conquered rather than visited: Christian comes up to a Cross, and the burden looses from his shoulders, tumbles downhill, and falls into the mouth of the Sepulchre, to be seen no more. Three Shining Ones give him peace, new raiment, a mark, and a sealed roll. What Hades swallows here is not the man but his sin.

VIIAEOLUS
HOMER

The Bag of Winds

Odyssey X

Aeolus, keeper of the winds, seals every contrary blast in an ox-hide bag; Ithaca comes within sight of the watch-fires — and the envious crew opens the bag while Odysseus sleeps. All the gained ground is blown away in an hour.

JOYCE

The Newspaper Office

Noon, the Freeman’s Journal

Headlines slice the chapter as editors, orators, and hangers-on fill the pressroom with rhetoric — eloquence, hot air, the windy trade of words. Bloom’s modest errand for an advertisement is buffeted aside; Stephen’s genius is flattered and squandered among the gusts.

BUNYAN

The Hill Difficulty

The arbor and the lost roll

The way runs straight up against resistance; Formalist and Hypocrisy take the easy ways around, named Danger and Destruction, and perish. Christian climbs on hands and knees — then sleeps in the arbor and loses his roll, and must retrace his steps in sorrow. Like the opened wind-bag, a moment’s sleep costs the progress already won.

VIIILESTRYGONIANS
HOMER

The Cannibal Harbor

Odyssey X

The fleet anchors in a beautiful land-locked bay — and the giant Lestrygonians spear the men like fish and devour them. Eleven ships of twelve are lost. Hospitality inverted: the table at which the guest becomes the meal.

JOYCE

Lunchtime Dublin

1 p.m., Davy Byrne’s

Bloom, hungry, recoils from the Burton restaurant where men gobble and gulp like animals at a trough, and retreats to Davy Byrne’s moral pub for a gorgonzola sandwich and a glass of burgundy — eating with decency in a devouring city, while thoughts of Molly and Boylan gnaw at him.

BUNYAN

The Palace Beautiful

The supper of the Lord of the Hill

The true table: past the chained lions and Watchful the porter, the maidens Discretion, Prudence, Piety, and Charity receive Christian, sup with him on talk of the Lord of the Hill, lodge him in the chamber called Peace, and arm him from the armory. Here the guest is fed, not fed upon.

IXSCYLLA & CHARYBDIS
HOMER

Between Monster and Maelstrom

Odyssey XII

The strait offers no clean passage: Charybdis the whirlpool on one side, six-headed Scylla on the other. Odysseus hugs the rock, loses six men screaming from the deck, and sails on — survival between two devourers, neither of which can be defeated, only endured.

JOYCE

The Library Debate

2 p.m., the National Library

Stephen navigates his Hamlet theory between the whirlpool of Platonic mysticism and the rock of Aristotelian fact, dazzling the librarians and believing none of it himself. Bloom passes silently between Stephen and Mulligan on the steps — the future steering between two perils.

BUNYAN

Apollyon in the Valley of Humiliation

The combat

The monster cannot be skirted: Apollyon straddles the whole breadth of the way, scales and dragon wings and fire, claiming Christian as his subject. Darts fly thick as hail; Christian is wounded in head, hand, and foot, loses his sword and catches it again, and gives the fiend a mortal thrust — the strait passed by combat, not by cunning.

XWANDERING ROCKS
HOMER

The Clashing Rocks

Odyssey XII

Circe warns of the Planctae, the wandering rocks that crush ships and through which not even doves fly unscathed — the one route Odysseus does not take. A labyrinth of moving hazards, named in order to be avoided.

JOYCE

The Streets of Dublin

3 p.m., nineteen vignettes

The city itself becomes the chapter: nineteen interlocking scenes as priest and viceroy thread Dublin from opposite ends, citizens colliding and missing each other in the maze. Everyone is in motion; no one quite arrives — the labyrinth of the ordinary.

BUNYAN

The Valley of the Shadow of Death

The narrow passage

A wilderness of moving dangers: a deep ditch on the right hand, a perilous quag on the left, the path narrow between them, the mouth of hell hard by the wayside, and whispering fiends suggesting blasphemies in his own voice. Christian passes through praying aloud — walking the one thread through the clashing dark until day breaks.

XISIRENS
HOMER

The Sirens’ Song

Odyssey XII

The Sirens sing all knowledge to passing sailors from a meadow of bones. Odysseus stops his crew’s ears with wax and has himself lashed to the mast — the only man to hear the song and live, because he is bound to something stronger than the music.

JOYCE

The Ormond Bar

4 p.m., the hour of the assignation

The chapter becomes a fugue: barmaids like sirens behind the reef of the counter, ballads and tuning forks and a tenor’s aria — while Boylan’s jaunting car jingles toward Eccles Street and Bloom, listening, writes his hidden letter and endures. He hears the music of his own loss and does not break.

BUNYAN

Faithful’s Way — Wanton and Talkative

The music of mere words

Christian overtakes Faithful, who tells of escaping the flattering tongue of Madam Wanton; soon both meet Talkative, son of Say-well, whose religion lives all in the tongue — a siren whose song is doctrine without life. Faithful tests talk against walk, and the charm dissolves; the pilgrims pass bound fast to a better Word.

XIICYCLOPS
HOMER

Polyphemus

Odyssey IX

The one-eyed giant devours guests in his cave until Odysseus blinds him with a fire-sharpened stake and escapes under the rams, calling himself Noman. Single vision is monstrous — and pride in shouting his true name draws Poseidon’s curse upon the whole voyage.

JOYCE

Barney Kiernan’s Pub

5 p.m., the Citizen

The Citizen, one-eyed with nationalist fury, baits Bloom the Jew in the pub until rhetoric turns to violence and a biscuit tin flies like a hurled boulder. Bloom, escaping on the car, answers hatred by naming his Messiah a Jew like himself — and ascends the chapter’s mock-heavens like Elijah.

BUNYAN

Vanity Fair

The trial of Faithful

The town with one eye for the world’s wares: a year-round fair of every lust, where the pilgrims will buy nothing but truth. The mob cages and beats them; Judge Hate-good empanels Envy, Superstition, and Pickthank; Faithful is burned at the stake — and is carried straight through the flames to the Celestial Gate in a chariot. The blinded city cannot see whom it kills.

XIIINAUSICAA
HOMER

The Princess on the Shore

Odyssey VI

Shipwrecked and naked, Odysseus is found by the princess Nausicaa at her washing. She clothes the castaway and points him to her father’s court — grace on the beach, and a marriage gently hoped for that can never be, since his heart is pledged elsewhere.

JOYCE

Gerty on Sandymount

8 p.m., the fireworks

Gerty MacDowell, lame and dreaming in the prose of cheap romance, displays herself to the dark stranger on the rocks while Roman candles burst overhead. Bloom’s shore-romance is all distance and illusion — sweetness that costs the journey nothing only because it goes nowhere.

BUNYAN

By-Ends, Demas, and By-Path Meadow

The pleasant way beside the Way

The alluring easements multiply: By-Ends of Fair-speech walks with religion only in silver slippers; Demas calls from the hill called Lucre; and when the path grows rough, a stile opens into By-Path Meadow — soft going alongside the true way, with Vain-Confidence striding ahead. Night falls, the storm rises, and the pleasant shore proves a trap.

XIVOXEN OF THE SUN
HOMER

The Cattle of Helios

Odyssey XII

Warned on oath never to touch the sun-god’s sacred cattle, the starving crew slaughters them while Odysseus sleeps; the hides crawl and the meat lows on the spits. Zeus splinters the ship with a thunderbolt — every man lost but one. Sacrilege collects its full wage.

JOYCE

The Maternity Hospital

10 p.m., Holles Street

While Mina Purefoy labors three days upstairs, drunken medical students profane the mystery of birth with ribaldry below — and the English language itself gestates through the chapter, style by style from Anglo-Saxon to slang. Bloom alone keeps a kind of reverence in the house of fertility mocked.

BUNYAN

Doubting Castle and Giant Despair

The wage of trespass — and the key called Promise

The trespass at By-Path Meadow collects its due: Giant Despair finds the pilgrims asleep on his grounds and casts them into a stinking dungeon, beating them and counseling self-destruction, his wife Diffidence urging him on. Then Christian remembers the key in his bosom called Promise, which opens every lock in Doubting Castle — and they walk out the wrecked men’s door alive.

XVCIRCE
HOMER

The Enchantress

Odyssey X

Circe’s drugged cup turns the crew to swine with the minds of men. Armed with the herb moly from Hermes, Odysseus resists the cup and the wand, compels the enchantress to restore his men — and the witch, mastered, becomes a guide for the road ahead.

JOYCE

Nighttown

Midnight, the phantasmagoria

In the brothel quarter the novel becomes hallucination: Bloom tried, crowned, and transformed in waking dreams; Stephen’s dead mother rising in her grave-clothes; men made beasts by the sorcery of the night. Bloom keeps his moly — humanity, vigilance — smashes nothing but a lampshade’s worth of illusion, and stands guard over the fallen Stephen.

BUNYAN

The Flatterer and the Enchanted Ground

The net and the drowsy air

A dark man in a shining robe — the Flatterer, a sorcerer of fair speech — leads the pilgrims subtly off the way into his net, until a Shining One frees and chastens them. Then comes the Enchanted Ground, whose very air makes pilgrims sleep a sleep from which some never wake; Christian and Hopeful keep awake by good discourse, telling over the works of grace. Enchantment is broken by remembering.

XVIEUMAEUS
HOMER

The Swineherd’s Hut

Odyssey XIV

Home at last but disguised as a beggar, Odysseus is received by Eumaeus, the loyal herdsman who feeds the stranger without knowing he serves his king, while tall tales and half-truths pass over the fire. Faithfulness in a humble steading prepares the true homecoming.

JOYCE

The Cabman’s Shelter

1 a.m., under the Loop Line

Bloom shepherds the exhausted Stephen to a late-night shelter kept, rumor says, by an old Invincible, where a red-bearded sailor spins unverifiable yarns. The prose itself is tired and roundabout; the kindness is real. The fatherly herdsman tends the wandering son toward home.

BUNYAN

The Delectable Mountains

The Shepherds of Immanuel’s Land

The herdsmen of the true fold: the Shepherds Knowledge, Experience, Watchful, and Sincere receive the pilgrims, feed them, and walk them among the mountains — showing them Error and Caution as warnings, and the by-way to hell that hypocrites take, before granting one trembling look at the gates of the City through the perspective glass.

XVIIITHACA
HOMER

The Homecoming and the Bow

Odyssey XVII–XXII

The beggar-king endures insult in his own hall until the contest of the great bow: he alone strings it, sends the arrow through the twelve axes, and with Telemachus beside him clears the house of the suitors. The long usurpation ends; the hall is purged and fumigated for the reunion.

JOYCE

7 Eccles Street, Catechized

2 a.m., question and answer

Bloom and Stephen reach Eccles Street, and the chapter interrogates everything in cold catechism — the keyless entry over the railings, cocoa by ritual, the parting under the heaventree of stars, Bloom’s entry into the bed marked by his rival. His suitors are slain not with arrows but with equanimity; he lies down at rest in his own Ithaca.

BUNYAN

Beulah and the River of Death

The last crossing

The pilgrims enter the Land of Beulah, within sight of the City, where the sun shines night and day and the bells ring — but between them and the Gate runs a deep River with no bridge. Christian sinks in the bitter cold waters, crying out, until Hopeful holds his head above the flood and he touches ground: the final enemy crossed on foot, by faith.

XVIIIPENELOPE
HOMER

The Olive-Tree Bed

Odyssey XXIII

Penelope, wary after twenty years, tests the stranger with the secret of the marriage bed built around a living olive tree — immovable, rooted, known to the two of them alone. Recognition breaks over her like landfall to a shipwrecked swimmer, and the journey ends where it was always aimed: union restored.

JOYCE

Molly’s Soliloquy

The small hours, unpunctuated

Molly Bloom, lying awake, lets the whole day and her whole life flow through eight unpunctuated sentences — grievance and tenderness, Gibraltar girlhood and the proposal on Howth Head — turning at last back toward her husband. The book closes on her great affirmation: a single repeated Yes.

BUNYAN

The Celestial City

The King’s welcome

Shining Ones meet the pilgrims at the bank; the trumpets sound; the Gate opens on the City of gold, and they are transfigured with raiment and crowns as all the bells ring for joy. The marriage at journey’s end — the Bridegroom receiving His own — is the final Yes of which every nostos is the shadow: home not to the old inherited city, but to the one whose builder and maker is God.

APPARATUS

The eighteen stations follow the order of Joyce’s episodes, which themselves rearrange Homer; the Bunyan column keeps step with The Pilgrim’s Progress in its own sequence, save one deliberate inversion (XV–XVI, the Enchanted Ground set before the Delectable Mountains) where the thematic correspondence — enchantress to enchanted ground, swineherd to shepherds — was judged to outweigh strict order. Where Homer’s episode is captivity, drift, or sacrilege, Bunyan’s parallel is often its redemptive counter-image: the Gate against Ogygia, the Interpreter’s emblems against the lotus, the Sepulchre that swallows the burden rather than the man.

Three roads out of the empty way handed down from the forefathers:
the sea brings the king home; the city brings the day home; the Way brings the soul Home.

✦   SOLI DEO GLORIA   ✦